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BMF Guidance 2025: Crypto Tax Update

, 25 Min. Lesezeit

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Short answer: The BMF circular 2025 updates the rules for staking, DeFi lending and NFT taxation. Staking rewards are taxable as other income under Section 22 no. 3 EStG. The exemption threshold is 256 EUR.

What the rules of the BMF circular mean in practice for your tax return is explained in our foundational guide Crypto Tax Advisor.

Introduction:

Crypto investors in Germany have to keep an eye on their crypto taxes. In March 2025 the Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) published a new BMF circular on the taxation of cryptocurrencies. This circular, a kind of official guideline from the finance ministry, brings clarity and updates compared with the previous version of 22.05.2022. Why is that important? Because it provides detailed requirements on how cryptocurrencies are to be recorded. In this article we look at what has changed, explain the new rules (among them the holding period for crypto gains, staking, NFTs, memecoins, mining) and give practical tips for crypto investors. You will also learn how to document cryptocurrencies (keyword CoinTracking) and why professional crypto tax advice is worthwhile now.

Comparison of the BMF circulars: 22 May 2022 versus 06 March 2025

The following table summarises the most important changes and clarifications of the new BMF circular (2025) compared with the version of May 2022:

| Aspect | BMF circular (May 2022) | New BMF circular (March 2025) |
| — | — | — |
| Designation of the assets | Spoke of „virtual currencies and other tokens“. Uniform treatment of all crypto assets as economic assets. | Now uses the generic term „crypto assets“. Distinguishes more clearly between payment tokens, utility tokens and security tokens (margin no. 3). (Possible differing tax treatment of security tokens as financial instruments.) |
| Holding period for crypto gains | Gains from the sale or exchange of cryptocurrencies held as private assets tax-free after a holding period of more than 1 year; taxable within 1 year (Section 23 EStG). A planned extension to 10 years where the assets are used (staking/lending) was not implemented (the final 2022 version kept only 1 year). | Confirmed: the holding period remains 1 year, including with staking or lending. No 10-year period. Held for more than 1 year equals tax-free, provided it is a private disposal transaction. |
| Staking and lending | No loss of the holding period through staking/lending (see above). Staking income (rewards) counts as other income (Section 22 no. 3 EStG), to be valued at the market rate on receipt. A distinction between active and passive stakers was introduced: active staking (validator) can count as commercial; passive delegation staking is usually private asset management. | Unchanged: staking and lending income remains tax-free on sale where the holding period exceeds 1 year. The BMF reaffirms the distinction: validators (block producers, proof-of-stake forging) count as commercial; passive stakers (delegators) generate private income. In practice this means: normal staking by private investors does not lead to a 10-year holding period, but the staking rewards received are to be taxed as income. |
| Mining | Basic assumption: mining equals commercial activity (income from a trade or business). Miners are subject to income tax (and where applicable trade tax). Mining pools can count as a co-entrepreneurship (depending on the arrangement). | Remains: mining is still classified as commercial. Income from mining coins is taxable as commercial income. No change from the earlier assessment. (For miners in the private sphere there is in practice hardly any leeway; the tax office continues to assume commerciality.) |
| Airdrops | Previously no express passage, with some uncertainty: is an airdrop immediately taxable on receipt? (Generally it was held that if there is no consideration in return, then there is rather no taxable event on receipt, given the character of a gift.) | Clarification: airdrops are not automatically taxable. Important: if the recipient has provided no consideration for the airdrop (a pure gift), no income tax arises at the time of receipt. (Taxation only when the coins received are sold, as a private disposal transaction with a new holding period starting on receipt.) If, however, something was performed in order to receive the airdrop (for example participation in campaigns), a tax liability as other income could arise. |
| Hard forks | Likewise no detailed rule in the 2022 circular. The usual view was: with a hard fork (for example Bitcoin versus Bitcoin Cash) a new economic asset arises without acquisition costs; taxation only on sale. | Clarification: hard forks do not lead to tax immediately. The split itself is not taxable on allocation of new coins. Taxation only takes place when the new coins are sold or exchanged. The acquisition costs of the crypto assets existing before the hard fork are to be apportioned to these economic assets. The basis of apportionment follows the ratio of the market rates of the various crypto assets at the time of the hard fork. |
| NFTs (non-fungible tokens) | The NFT area was not dealt with in the old circular, leaving open questions on tax classification (collectible, art, economic asset?). | No change: NFTs are still not expressly dealt with. The BMF has excluded NFTs and also liquidity mining from the current circular (margin no. 5) and announces that it will supplement these topics in future. For investors this means: in the absence of special rules, the general principles presumably apply (NFT sales as a private disposal transaction with, where applicable, a 1-year holding period). |
| Internal transfers | It was implicitly clear that moving coins between your own wallets does not constitute a disposal (no sale, no exchange). However, there was no express mention. | Newly emphasised: internal wallet transfers are not taxable. Only an actual sale of crypto for euros or the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another triggers a taxable disposal gain. Investors can therefore move coins between their own exchange accounts and wallets without triggering tax, but should document this. |
| Documentation and tax reports | General record-keeping obligations under Section 90 AO already applied, but in the crypto context many points of detail were open. No specific reference to tax tools or standardised reports in the old circular. | New focus: detailed requirements on duties to cooperate and to keep records from margin no. 87. The BMF demands clean evidence of all crypto transactions. For the first time the term „tax report“ is mentioned (margin no. 29b), meaning standardised overviews, for example from tools such as CoinTracking, that serve as documentation. The circular also specifies how transactions are to be recorded in terms of timing and value (for example timestamps accurate to the second and appropriate rates on conversion). In short: the duty of complete documentation is strongly emphasised in order to make review easier for tax offices. |

Note: the new rules from March 2025 replace the previous BMF circular of 2022 in full. Many principles remain the same (for example the holding period, the treatment of staking and mining), but gaps have been closed and details added so that both crypto investors and tax offices have more orientation.

Explanation of the most important changes in detail

Below we examine the most important points from the new BMF circular in more detail and explain what they mean for crypto investors.

Holding period for crypto gains and private disposal

The holding period determines whether gains from the sale of cryptocurrencies are taxable. In Germany, crypto assets held as private assets count as private disposal transactions (Section 23 (1) no. 2 EStG). This means: sale within one year of acquisition leads to a taxable gain (at the personal income tax rate, up to 45%). Sale after more than one year is tax-free (however high the gain), provided the assets are not business assets. This 1-year holding period also remains untouched in the new BMF circular.

Important to know: there were earlier discussions as to whether certain uses of the coins (for example staking or lending) could extend the holding period to 10 years. The 2021 BMF draft did indeed provide for a 10-year period where income was generated. But the final 2022 circular and now again the 2025 circular make clear that this is not the case. Staking or lending cryptocurrencies does not extend the holding period, which is a real privilege for crypto investors. You can therefore lend or stake Bitcoin, Ethereum or Solana, for example, and still sell them tax-free after a holding period of more than one year. The new circular expressly confirms this investor-friendly rule („the one-year period is retained“).

What remains, of course, is that if the holding period is under one year, the gain is fully taxable. Here an exemption threshold of 1,000 EUR (until 2023: 600 EUR) per year applies to all private disposal gains (not only crypto, but also gold sales for example). If you stay below 1,000 EUR with all such gains, no tax arises; with a total gain of 1,000 EUR or more, by contrast, the entire amount is taxable. This threshold is set out in the law (Section 23 EStG) and was not changed by the new BMF circular. For crypto traders this means: frequent buying and selling within one year should be well documented, because it is relevant for tax. Anyone who can HODL, that is, hold coins for longer than one year, has a major tax advantage.

Staking and lending: private income versus commercial activity

Staking (providing coins to secure the network under proof of stake) and lending (lending coins in return for interest) are popular in crypto but raise tax questions. The BMF circular 2025 brings further clarity here:

  • No loss of tax exemption after 1 year: as described above, the coins themselves remain sellable tax-free as private assets after one year of holding, despite staking or lending. The often feared 10-year period does not apply. This means you can for example stake Ethereum and later sell the original ETH tax-free (once 1 year has passed).
  • Taxation of staking and lending income: the rewards or interest received through staking or lending are additional income. According to the BMF these are as a rule other income (Section 22 no. 3 EStG) in the private sphere. The new coins received through staking are therefore to be recorded as income at the time of receipt at the respective market value. Example: you stake 10 DOT and receive 0.5 DOT as a reward per month. These 0.5 DOT must be taxed at the rate on receipt (provided all your private other income exceeds 256 EUR in the year, because up to 256 EUR there is a tax exemption threshold for receipts from a hobby, for example). Tip: keep an eye on the euro value of the staking rewards at the time of receipt; good crypto tax tools do this automatically.
  • Active versus passive staking: the new circular distinguishes clearly between active validators and passive stakers.

    • – Active staking means running a validator node yourself and taking part in block creation (forging). The BMF no longer sees this as private asset management; it resembles mining. Consequence: depending on the scale this counts as a commercial activity. The validator receives block rewards and transaction fees, which according to the BMF corresponds to the picture of a service provider. Anyone running their own validators professionally (for example their own Ethereum validator with 32 ETH) should check whether they are acting commercially; in that case the entire staking income would be commercial income and the staked coins held could also count as business assets (then no tax-free sale after one year, so beware of tax infection). Early crypto tax advice is definitely worthwhile here in order to set the course correctly.

    – Passive stakers, by contrast (the typical private investor delegating their coins to a staking pool or using an exchange), count as private individuals engaged in asset management. Their income is subject to income tax (see above, Section 22 no. 3), but they are not running a business.

    In practice: most crypto investors who stake via Binance, Kraken and the like or delegate via a wallet fall into the passive category, so no business registration is necessary, but the rewards must be declared in the tax return (Annex SO) as „income from services“.

  • Lending: lending crypto (for example via platforms) is treated similarly to passive staking. The interest received is other income (taxable on receipt), and the holding period of the lent coins remains 1 year. Here too: no business, as long as you do it as a private investor and do not act like a bank.

    • In summary: for staking tax in 2025 the position is: tax the staking rewards, but do not worry about the holding period of the coins. And: only those who are very active in the consensus process enter the commercial sphere.

    Mining: commercial, and it stays commercial

    For crypto mining (proof of work, for example mining Bitcoin) nothing has fundamentally changed, but the BMF confirms the line: mining is as a rule a commercial activity. That was already envisaged in 2022 and continues to apply. So anyone mining Bitcoin with their own mining rigs or participating in a mining pool generates income from a trade or business.

    Consequences for miners:

  • The coins obtained (block rewards) are business receipts at the time they arise or are received and are to be valued at their market value (that is, taxed as income).
  • Business expenses (for example electricity, depreciation of hardware, pool fees) can be offset.
  • A mining pool can be treated for tax purposes as a co-entrepreneurship if you are a „co-partner“ in the pool, which can make matters complex. Often, however, you are assessed individually.
  • If you sell mined coins, that too is a business transaction. The 1-year holding period does not apply here, because the coins arose as business assets. Even if you hold them longer, they remain commercial profits.

    • For hobby miners on a small scale there may be a boundary to a non-profit-making activity, but the tax administration initially assumes commerciality. So anyone mining at home „in the cellar“ should take care: as soon as it is set up on a lasting basis and there is an intention to make a profit, it can be a business for tax purposes. It is advisable here to consult a tax advisor in order to clarify obligations (business registration, where applicable VAT on mining abroad and so on).

    Airdrops and hard forks: when does tax arise?

    Airdrops (free token distributions) and hard forks (blockchain splits in which, for example, 1 coin suddenly becomes 2 different ones) long caused uncertainty: do such coins received have to be taxed immediately as income? The new BMF circular brings relief here:

  • Airdrop: what is decisive according to the BMF is whether a consideration was provided. If not, that is, a pure promotional airdrop or community giveaway for which you had to do nothing, then receipt is tax-free. No taxable inflow; it is to be regarded more like a gift. But: if you performed something in order to receive the airdrop (for example completed certain tasks, made a purchase, disclosed data and so on), matters can look different. The tokens received could then count as consideration for a service and consequently be taxable (as other income or commercial income, depending on the context). The BMF circular itself makes clear, however: without consideration there is no income tax on airdrops. For investors this means: if, for example, some Bonk tokens were simply washed into your wallet in 2024 without any action on your part, you do not need to declare them as income on receipt.
  • Hard fork: here the BMF takes a similar position. The mere allocation of new coins through a hard fork is not a taxable event. Example: you held 1 Bitcoin, and through the Bitcoin Cash hard fork in 2017 you received 1 BCC (Bitcoin Cash) free of charge on top. At the time it was unclear whether this addition was a taxable event. Now it is clear: no, only when you sell or exchange the BCH could it become a taxable transaction. Important: this applies where the coins were private assets. For business assets (for example with miners) different rules apply. But for most private investors this rule removes a great deal of complexity: neither airdrops nor forks compel spontaneous taxation; you only deal with tax when you dispose of the tokens.

    • NFTs: still a grey area in taxation

    Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) experienced a boom in 2021/2022 (digital art, collectibles such as Bored Ape Yacht Club and the like). For tax purposes NFTs do not fit neatly into the classic category of „other economic assets“. The BMF said nothing about this in 2022, and unfortunately made no new statements in 2025 either. The circular expressly states that NFTs are not yet the subject of the BMF circular.

    What does that mean in practice? Essentially we have to apply the general tax rules. In the absence of specific requirements, the tax administration will presumably classify NFTs as other economic assets, by analogy with cryptocurrencies. Sales of NFTs held as private assets would thus likewise fall under Section 23 EStG: a sale gain within 1 year is taxable, after that tax-free. There are, however, special cases to consider:

  • NFT as a work of art: could one argue that an NFT artwork is to be treated like a physical work of art (which can also be sold tax-free after one year)? Probably yes, since the result would be identical; art is likewise an economic asset. No difference, except perhaps in the case of commercial trading.
  • Income from creating and selling NFTs (minting): if you create and sell NFTs yourself (for example as an artist), the receipts are income from a trade or business or from self-employed work; the speculation period does not apply here because you are not acting as a private investor but as creator and seller.
  • Gaming NFTs, utility NFTs: if an NFT confers particular rights of use (for example in-game items), one might consider whether income from it is to be taxed as services. At present, however, clear guidance is lacking.

    • In short: anyone trading NFTs should be careful and document precisely. In case of doubt, crypto tax advice can help in making the correct declaration in the tax return (crypto NFT). We expect the BMF to provide updates on this in future, since NFTs are an important part of the crypto ecosystem.

    Memecoins (Dogecoin, Trump Coin, Bonk, Popcat and the like): no joke for tax either

    In the eyes of the tax office it makes no difference whether it is Bitcoin or a funny memecoin such as Dogecoin, Shiba Inu or Popcat: for tax purposes all cryptocurrencies are treated the same. There are no special rules for „fun coins“. Concretely this means: if you sell a memecoin at a profit, the same taxation of cryptocurrencies applies as described above. In particular:

  • Holding period: the 1-year rule applies to memecoin tax as well. If you bought Shiba Inu cheaply in January 2021, for example, and sold it in April 2021 when the price jumped, that was within one year and therefore a taxable private disposal transaction. Many investors who took quick profits during the memecoin hype had to pay tax on them (often surprisingly high, because personal tax rates applied). Had they waited a year (which of course nobody could predict, as to whether the hype would last), the gains would have been tax-free.
  • Losses: conversely, losses from memecoin trades within one year can also be offset against other crypto gains. Anyone who made a profit with Dogecoin in 2022 but suffered a loss with Popcat (let us assume) can offset them for tax purposes, provided both were sold within the one-year period. Excess losses cannot, however, be carried forward to the next year; they lapse if not used in the same year.
  • Income from memecoins: most memecoins generate no ongoing income (no staking or similar); they tend to be traded speculatively. Should there nevertheless be income (for example liquidity mining with a memecoin), the general rules again apply (where applicable as other income or commercial income, depending on the arrangement).

    • Conclusion on memecoins: do not be deceived by the fun factor. „How are cryptocurrencies taxed?“ is answered the same way for serious coins and fun coins alike: according to the rules of the Income Tax Act. Anyone who invests in Shiba Inu for a laugh should keep records of acquisition and sale just as with Bitcoin. Precisely because memecoins have extreme fluctuations in value, the tax component is relevant (high gains also mean tax payments, high losses can at least be offset against other gains).

    Documentation of crypto transactions: obligation and best practice

    A central topic of the new BMF circular 2025 is documentation. The tax office now expects even more detailed records of all relevant transactions from crypto investors. Why? Cryptocurrency transactions often take place on various exchanges, wallets or even decentrally, and without complete evidence taxation becomes difficult. From margin no. 87 the BMF circular provides a detailed framework of the duties to cooperate and to keep records that taxpayers have.

    What does that mean concretely for you as an investor?

  • Record all trades, transfers and income: you should document every transaction: purchase, sale, exchange, transfer between your own wallets, mining income, staking reward, receipt of airdrops and so on. What matters are the date and time (ideally accurate to the second, particularly with exchange transactions), the cryptocurrencies involved, quantities, values in euros at the time, and the counterparty or wallet.
  • Determine the rate: the BMF requires that for every transaction you apply the rate in euros. The new circular explains that for this purpose you should use either precise time-of-day rates or daily average rates, depending on availability. In practice: with exchange transactions you have exact prices. With an airdrop distributed decentrally, for example, you could take the daily rate if no exact point in time is available.
  • Use a tax report: new in the circular is the term „tax report“. This indicates that the tax administration is aware of the common practice that many investors use software. A tax report is typically a summary generated by the crypto tax tool of all relevant gains, losses and income for the tax year. The BMF now appears to recognise such reports, at least as part of cooperation. This means that tools such as CoinTracking, Blockpit or Koinly become practically indispensable if you have many trades. They aggregate APIs and CSVs from all exchanges and wallets and produce a report that you can present to the tax office.
  • Retention: you should retain the original evidence (transaction histories, CSV exports, wallet addresses, where applicable screenshots or PDFs of exchange statements). Tax offices now examine crypto cases in a targeted manner. There have been cases where exchanges (for example bitcoin.de) reported customer data to the tax office. If a query comes, you must be able to substantiate your figures.

    • Tip: from now on at the latest, keep a clear transaction log of your crypto activities. Use software to document cryptocurrencies, for example CoinTracking, which offers direct import interfaces to many exchanges. That way you avoid errors and gaps. The new BMF circular emphasises: anyone who does not cleanly evidence their wallet transactions risks problems with the tax office. There is nothing to add to that; transparency pays off here. In case of doubt a crypto tax advisor can help set up the documentation correctly (keyword: procedural documentation).

    Help with operating the tool and recording transactions correctly is also provided by our online course: CoinTracking without chaos

    Practical tips for crypto investors (tax year 2025 and outlook)

    Finally we would like to give some practical tips on how to make the best use of the tax rules as a crypto investor, particularly in the light of the new BMF requirements. These help you to declare your crypto tax return correctly and perhaps even to save tax legally:

  • Use the holding period strategically: the one-year holding period for crypto gains is your friend. Think carefully about whether to trade short-term or rather hold for longer. Investors frequently cash in quickly for emotional reasons and forget the tax. Example: if you buy Bitcoin today and the price doubles in 6 months, around 50% of your gain (depending on tax progression) would have to be paid to the tax office. Hold for 12 months or more and 100% of the gain stays with you.
  • Tip: plan sales with a holding time of more than 1 year wherever possible, especially with larger amounts. For regular traders that is not always feasible, but perhaps you can HODL a core holding and actively trade only with part of the portfolio. That way you combine flexibility with tax optimisation. Look at your calendar year as well: if you bought in the summer of 2023, for example, a sale in the autumn of 2024 would be tax-free. Calculating crypto tax in 2025 in that case means checking whether the one-year period has been met.
  • Observe allowances and losses: use the exemption threshold for private disposal gains (1,000 EUR). If your total crypto gains in a year are below it, they remain tax-free, so it may be worth splitting gains: if you sell part of your coins shortly before the end of the year and the rest at the start of the new year, you could stay below 1,000 EUR twice instead of going above 1,000 EUR once. You should likewise document losses: losses from a private disposal transaction can be offset within the same year against other gains under Section 23 EStG.

    • Example: gain from a Bitcoin sale 5,000 EUR, loss from an Ether sale minus 3,000 EUR (in each case only 2,000 EUR of gain is taxable). Realise losses deliberately if you want to restructure anyway; it can reduce your tax burden. Unused losses can be carried back one year or carried forward into the future without limit.

  • Approach staking and mining cleverly: if you engage in staking, bear in mind the tax on the rewards. It may be worth keeping staking income below the exemption threshold of 256 EUR per year (the statutory exemption threshold for such income), for example by not staking too many coins or by spreading income across different years.
  • Use crypto tax tools: as mentioned above, tools such as CoinTracking are worth their weight in gold. They make calculating crypto tax enormously easier by reading in all transactions and telling you at the end of the year which gain or loss is to be taxed. Many of these tools also have functions specifically for the German tax return (in some cases the data can be transferred into Annex SO). Make sure, however, that the data is maintained cleanly: check, for example, that airdrops are recorded correctly as such (so that they are not mistakenly interpreted as a purchase at 0 EUR with a gain calculated immediately). In particular, also document transfers between your own wallets correctly as such (in the tools you often have to match a transfer manually so that no fictitious sale is booked). The new BMF circular demands detailed evidence; a consolidated report from such a tool, together with the transaction lists, generally satisfies this.
  • Complete the tax return correctly: the tax return for crypto is usually made in Annex SO (other income), for private disposal transactions. There are lines there for „disposal transactions Section 23 EStG“. This is where you enter your annual gain (or loss) from all your crypto sales during the year. If you also have staking income above 256 EUR, this goes into Annex SO as „services“ (Section 22 no. 3 EStG). Mining as a business, by contrast, belongs in Annex G (business) with a determination of profit (cash-basis accounting or balance sheet).
  • Many traditional tax advisors are still uncertain about crypto, but there are now specialised crypto tax advisors focused precisely on this field.
  • Act with foresight and seek advice: the crypto tax landscape continues to evolve. In 2025 we have this new BMF circular; in future there may be more (for example on NFTs, DeFi, liquidity mining, perhaps also adjustments through EU regulation such as MiCA). What is worthwhile for tax can change; for example, the speculation period for certain types of token could at some point be abolished after all. Stay informed. If you hold larger sums in crypto, feel free to consult an expert once a year.
  • One hour of advice can help avoid errors in strategy or documentation that later cost a great deal of money or nerves.

    • Conclusion: more clarity, act now and bring in a professional if needed

    The new BMF circular of 06.03.2025 brings a great deal of clarity for crypto taxpayers. Important questions, from the holding period through staking and airdrops to documentation, are answered (even more clearly). For crypto investors that means relief on the one hand, since official guidelines are now available in black and white. On the other hand the responsibility to implement these rules increases: the documentation obligations in particular are strict, and the tax office looks more closely.

    If you invest in Bitcoin, Ethereum or other cryptos, you should take the points mentioned into account and adjust your tax strategy accordingly. Many people can improve their situation simply by holding for more than one year or optimise it through clean loss offsetting. The technical tools for crypto taxes are your helpers too.

    Not least: crypto taxes remain a complex field. What is clear today can raise questions again tomorrow through new legislation or rulings. Do not hesitate, therefore, to make use of professional crypto tax advice where there is uncertainty. An experienced crypto tax advisor knows the pitfalls (whether with memecoin tax or exotic DeFi income) and helps to make the crypto tax return correct and advantageous.

    Taxes are complicated, but with the right partner at your side and knowledge of the current rules they need not be a source of anxiety, not even in the wild crypto space.

    Are you looking for a crypto tax advisor for Bitcoin, DeFi and NFTs? Contact me for individual advice!

    Frequently Asked Questions on the BMF circular 2025

    What does the BMF circular of 06.03.2025 govern?

    It replaces the circular of 10.05.2022 and restates the administrative view on the income tax treatment of crypto assets: holding periods, staking, lending, mining, airdrops, hard forks, and for the first time detailed duties of taxpayers to cooperate and keep records.

    What is the most important change compared with 2022?

    The considerably sharper focus on documentation: the circular specifies which records the tax office expects and strengthens the wallet-based FIFO approach. In substance it confirms central points such as the one-year holding period, including for staked coins.

    Does the new BMF circular also apply to earlier years?

    BMF circulars bind the tax administration and are in principle applied to all open cases. For the past it depends on whether your assessments can still be amended. In ongoing proceedings it is worth checking whether the new administrative view works for or against you.

    What does the 2023 BFH ruling mean in this context?

    On 14.02.2023 (IX R 3/22) the Federal Fiscal Court confirmed that gains from the sale of cryptocurrencies are taxable as private disposal transactions. The question of principle has thus been settled at the highest judicial level, and the BMF circulars fill in the practical points of detail.

    Sources and Legal References

    Raphael Sperling

    Raphael Sperling

    Tax advisor & crypto expert

    Specialised in crypto taxation, from Bitcoin and DeFi to NFTs. Personal advice without jargon.

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